Terminology - Porcelain

Porcelain is a porcelain, kaolin, etc., with a glazed or painted object on the exterior. The porcelain is formed by firing in a kiln at a high temperature (about 1280°C-1400°C). The glaze on the surface of the porcelain will undergo various chemical changes due to the temperature. Sintered porcelain tires generally contain less than 3% iron and are impervious to water, as their relatively low cost and wear-resistant, water-impervious properties are widely used by people around the world. Porcelain with high purity of raw materials will produce a crisp sound like metal colliding when they collide with each other. The high-grade porcelain has a higher degree of difficulty than that of ordinary porcelain, so there is no shortage of exquisite porcelain collections in the ancient royal family. On September 15, 2009, the "China Porcelain and Bronze Warners Exhibition", which was sponsored by the Chinese Embassy in Georgia and marked the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, opened in Tbilisi History Museum and lasted for 19 days.

As one of the luxuries of ancient China's specialties, porcelain was spread to various countries through various trade channels. Fine ancient porcelain was collected as a collection of antiques by a large number of collectors.

Ancient Chinese porcelain has produced fine prices, but some national treasure porcelain is not in China.

When people in Europe and America get married, they especially like to send premium porcelain tea sets.

China is the first country in the world to invent porcelain. It has written a glorious page for the history of mankind.

The invention of porcelain can be regarded as China's "fifth invention." Its achievements in technology and art have spread to various countries in the world and have profoundly affected its ceramic and cultural development.

Porcelain has won China's reputation as a "country of porcelain".

Porcelain - Historical Overview

Japanese Mignon's tea ceremony. The earliest place of origin for archeological verification of porcelain was in China, but there was no accurate conclusion as to which era it was. People will explore kaolin glaze vessels from the Shang Dynasty in Henan Province (about 15th century - 9th century) as the earliest known porcelain in the world. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, China developed a more mature celadon method.

China is the hometown of porcelain. The invention of Chinese porcelain was a great contribution to the world civilization of the Chinese nation. In English, the word "china" also means "China." About the middle of the Shang Dynasty in the 16th century BC, there were early porcelains in China. Because it is still rough on the carcass, but also in the glaze firing process, firing temperature is low, showing the original and transitional, so it is generally called "original porcelain." The invention of "porcelain" began in the Han Dynasty and gradually matured in the Tang and the Five Dynasties. In the period when the Song Dynasty was flourishing in the porcelain industry, the kiln names of Ding, Yu, Guan, Ge, and Yeh were reborn through the ages; One after another; the Ming Dynasty inherited and developed the Song porcelain tradition, Xuande. Chenghua kiln products are particularly prominent; the Qing Dynasty style was quaint and simpler than the previous generation, but it was superior to the exquisite and gorgeous, and the exquisite objects of the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong eras were exquisite and exquisite.

As a result of the transition from pottery to porcelain, the original porcelain has the characteristics of dense, durable, easy to clean, and beautiful appearance compared with various pottery, and therefore has a bright prospect of development. The continuous improvement of the level and production of the original porcelain firing technology laid the foundation for the gradual replacement of pottery by porcelain and the main application of daily life in China. Chinese porcelain evolved from the development of pottery, and the original porcelain originated more than 3,000 years ago. By the Song Dynasty, the famous porcelain kiln had spread throughout most of China and was the most prosperous period in the porcelain industry. At that time, the Yao kiln, Goyao kiln, Guan kiln, Yi kiln and Ding kiln were called five famous kiln. The blue-and-white porcelain produced in the Yuan Dynasty in Jingdezhen, known as the porcelain capital of China, has become a representative of porcelain. The blue-and-white porcelain enamel is transparent and watery. The body is thin and light, and the white porcelain body is covered with blue ornamentation, which is elegant and fresh and full of vitality. Once the blue and white porcelain became popular, it became the crown of Jingdezhen's traditional name. The blue and white porcelain, together with the four famous porcelains, are exquisite blue-and-white porcelain, pastel porcelain and color glazed porcelain. In addition, there are sculpture porcelain, thin-feet porcelain, multi-colored tire porcelain, etc., all are very beautiful, have their own characteristics.

China's real porcelain was produced during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD). During this period, based on the development of the pottery and original porcelain manufacturing techniques of the previous generation, the advancement of the northern peoples in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the prevalence of thick burial, the region centered on Shangyu in eastern China’s Zhejiang Province became the origin of Chinese porcelain on its unique conditions. Ground. The Qinghai water ripple four series cans unearthed in Mianguan Town, Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province show us the initial development of the firing process of porcelain. The production techniques and artistic creation of the Tang Dynasty porcelain have reached a high level of maturity; the porcelain industry of the Song Dynasty flourished and the famous kiln emerged; from the Ming and Qing dynasties, from the process of blank making, decoration, glazing, and firing, they all surpassed the previous generation in terms of technology. China's ceramic industry is still prosperous and high-quality, of which the more famous ceramic producing areas are Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Liling in Hunan, Shiwan and Fengxi in Guangdong, Yixing in Jiangsu, Tangshan in Hebei and Hebei, and Zibo in Shandong.

Porcelain made from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties was mostly celadon from the unearthed cultural relics. These celadons are finely machined, hard, and non-absorbent, with a layer of cyan vitreous glaze on the surface. This high level of porcelain making technology indicates that China's porcelain production has entered a new era. China's white glaze porcelain sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and reached the mature stage in the Sui Dynasty. To the Tang Dynasty more new developments. The firing temperature of porcelain reaches 1200°C, and the whiteness of porcelain also reaches more than 70%, which is close to the standard of modern fine porcelain. This achievement lays the foundation for the development of underglaze and glaze ceramics.

China Porcelain Porcelain in the Song Dynasty, in the fetal quality, glaze and production technology, etc., has been a new increase, burning porcelain technology to achieve full maturity. In the process technology, there is a clear division of labor, an important stage in the development of porcelain in China. Many famous kilns are famous in China and abroad during the Song Dynasty. Yaozhou kiln, Cizhou kiln, Jingdezhen kiln, Longquan kiln, Yueyao kiln, built kiln, and the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty have their own unique products such as 汝, 官, 哥, 钧, 定定 and so on. style of. Yaozhou Kiln (Shaanxi Tongchuan) is exquisitely manufactured, with very thin fetal bones and evenly glazed layers. Cizhou Kiln (Hebei Pengcheng) is made of magnetite mud, so porcelain is also called a magnetic device. Cizhou Kiln produces more porcelain with white porcelain and black flowers; Jingdezhen Kiln has thin and colorful products, exquisite light, high whiteness and transparency, and it is promoted as one of the representative works of Song porcelain; the products of Longquan Kiln are mostly powdered. Green or green, glazed and beautiful light; Yueyao firing porcelain tire thin, fine under the meticulous, beautiful luster; built kiln black porcelain is one of the famous Song dynasty, black enamel bright as paint; kiln as the Song Dynasty top five The crown of famous kiln, porcelain glaze is mainly pale green, and the color is clear. The existence of official kiln has always been a controversial issue. Most scholars believe that the official kiln is the official kiln of Yongjing, and the kiln is located in Yongjing, and porcelain is baked for the court; Where the kiln is burned has also been a controversial issue. According to the analysis of all aspects of information, the largest kiln firing site may be produced together with the Northern Song Dynasty kiln; the color kiln made by the kiln is more colored, and the lush green and black porcelain are better; the kiln production Porcelain tires are fine, thin and light, porcelain moisture, white glaze like powder, said powder or white set. The development of glazes in ancient China is from glazeless to glazed, from monochromatic glaze to multicolored glaze, and then from underglaze to glaze, and gradually developed into multicolored underglaze and glaze. , bucket color. Colored porcelain is generally divided into two categories, underglaze color and glaze color. First, a good pattern is drawn on the green tire. After the glaze is put into the kiln, the colored porcelain is called underglaze color; after glaze, the porcelain is burned into the kiln. The colored porcelain that was painted and burned by the fire was called glaze. The famous blue-and-white porcelain of the Ming Dynasty was a kind of underglaze color.

In the Ming Dynasty, the exquisite white glaze was successfully fired, and the monochrome glaze porcelain with copper as the coloring agent was successfully baked, making the porcelain of the Ming Dynasty colorful. The diversification of the glaze methods of the Ming Dynasty porcelains symbolizes the continuous improvement of Chinese porcelain technology. During the Chenghua era, a “fighting color” was added to the underglaze blue-and-white outline to add a glaze to the color. In the Jiajing and Wanli years, the multi-colored, multi-colored, multi-colored paintings were used to create the blue and white flowers. .

The porcelains of the Qing Dynasty were further developed on the basis of outstanding achievements in the Ming Dynasty, and the porcelain technology has reached a splendid realm. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the prime three-colored, multi-colored, Yongzheng, and the Qianlong-era pastels and enamel were all well-known Chinese and foreign boutiques. In the Ming Dynasty in the glaze under the blue outline of the addition of glaze color and firing of a porcelain, due to the underglaze color blue and glaze on the paint contest, hence the name "bucket." A kind of porcelain for the effect of imitation bronze fetal painting in the Qing Dynasty. The enamel is also called "material color." There are many types of colored porcelain in the Qing Dynasty. They are differentiated from the firing process. In addition to the underglaze color such as blue-and-white and glaze red, they can be divided into two categories: glaze and underglaze glaze. Glaze color is first burned white glazed porcelain, painted on white glaze, and then into the color furnace low-temperature secondary firing, glaze multicolored, pastel, enamel are glaze color. The underglaze glaze under the mixed color is first burned under the glaze (that is, the pattern is painted directly on the porcelain tire, the cover transparent glaze is fired at a high temperature, mainly blue and white), and then the glaze color is painted on the appropriate part, and the glaze is put into the furnace. Low temperature secondary firing. Blue and red color, bucket color, blue and white color belong to the mixed glaze glaze. The final formation of blue and white categories; color glaze porcelain; three categories of colored porcelain.

For a long period of time in history, China is the world’s largest producer and exporter of porcelain. Before the Song Dynasty, high-grade porcelain was mainly used for the life of the royal family. The celebrity porcelain of Yue kiln unearthed at Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province, China, was the peak of Chinese porcelain craftsmanship for a long time. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the Chinese porcelain production process continued to rise. Through the Maritime Silk Road, a large number of porcelain were exported to Southeast Asia, South Asia and even Europe and North Africa. Become one of the main representative crafts of Chinese exports. In contrast, in Japan, ceramic art production began in the Heian period. In conjunction with the tea ceremony culture developed in Japan, the famous origin of porcelain was continuously displayed. There were successively origins of porcelain such as the six-kiln kiln and the seven kiln of distant kiln. In the prosperous tea ceremony culture of the Azuchi-Momoyama era, many tea-makers such as Seibu-in-a-side, Seiji Hiroshi, Furuta-Mita, and Shibayama-monitory were also the makers of the famous tea ceremony porcelain.

Porcelain - Kind

Three colors in pottery. The relationship between porcelain and pottery is inseparable. When some of the raw materials mixed with kaolin (or feldspar, quartz, lime, and other natural glazes) and their natural color components such as copper oxide, iron oxide, and lead oxide are sintered in the pottery, they will naturally form on the pottery surface. Thin glaze (Japanese Shinrabun first appeared in this way.) In the history of China, prior to the Ming dynasty, Chinese porcelain was mainly made of porcelain (without ornamental patterns, and the purity of the color was the standard of porcelain). After the Ming Dynasty, colored porcelain was the main popular porcelain. Another porcelain making country, Japan, has also issued and promoted its unique tea utensils with the tea ceremony culture. The earliest bisques were categorized according to colors, including porcelain of three common colors: celadon, black porcelain and white porcelain.

Among the famous porcelain and other colored porcelain are Tang Sancai (Tang San Cai is not a porcelain, which is a low-temperature lead ceramic), Xin Le Shao, blue and white porcelain, etc. There are also different classifications according to the place where porcelain is produced. Such as China's Zhejiang Yueya (secret color porcelain), Jiangxi Changnan, Hebei Ding porcelain, and Japan's characteristic porcelain developed in the 10th century after the turn of the shoulder: Omi, Shigaakiyaki of Koga, Nagasaki Aritayaki , Okayama Prefecture Bizenyaki (bizenyaki) and so on. In addition, since the 18th century, Europe has also begun to manufacture porcelain. Today, Britain, France, Russia, Germany and other places, especially the United Kingdom, have established a number of high-grade porcelain brands.

Porcelain - Process

Billet Introduction

Porcelain was born out of pottery, and its invention was gradually explored by the ancient Chinese ancestors in the experience of firing white pottery and printed hard pottery. Firing porcelain must have three conditions at the same time: First, the porcelain raw materials must be rich in quartz, sericite and other minerals, porcelain stone, porcelain clay or kaolin; Second, the firing temperature must be above 1200 °C; Third, in the table The glazed surface is burnt under high temperature. The complete process of producing porcelain generally goes through the following processes.

Mud training

The raw materials of porcelain and porcelain, kaolin and porcelain stone, were milled, mixed and kneaded, and then blended into porcelain paste for making porcelain.

Billet

The tempered porcelain clay is made into the required porcelain shape through a mold, etc. The green tire is cooled to a semi-dry state and then to the car plate, and the surface is turned with a knife to ensure the smoothness of the porcelain surface. Finally, in accordance with the need to use different materials (iron, bone, wood and other materials) carving knife carved in the appearance of the pattern. By differentiating the order of porcelain glazes, porcelain is divided into two different types, "underglaze color" and "glaze color".

Glazed porcelain kiln glazed

According to the geometry of porcelain, there are different methods of glaze. Circular porcelain (a kind of vessel with a relatively round caliber shaped by the casting method) is soaked in the porcelain glaze. Larger porcelain or irregularly shaped porcelain are glazed with a glaze. Regardless of the method used, it is important to ensure uniform dispersion of the glaze.

Underglaze

The general household porcelain and the Chinese Yuan Dynasty blue-and-white porcelain are of this type: the pigment is applied directly to unglazed porcelain tires and then glazed. Because the pigment is wrapped under the glaze, the color can be preserved for a long time and it is not easily worn. However, due to the application of underglaze color, the pigment will burn for more than one day at a high temperature, which will cause the color of some porcelains to change, and thus the color of porcelain underglaze color will change more.

Glaze color

After unglazed porcelain tires are glazed, they are placed in a kiln and sintered into a bisque porcelain. After cooling, they are colored and put into a relatively low temperature (about 700°C to 900°C) kiln for secondary sintering. This approach can ensure that the patterns and colors of the enamel are rich and colorful, but long-term exposure or use can cause surface wear, resulting in color shedding.

Porcelain - China's Porcelain Capital

China has always had three major porcelain capitals: Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Dehua in Quanzhou, Fujian, and Liling in Zhuzhou, Hunan. Jingdezhen: Jingdezhen Needless to say, art ceramics have a variety of high collection value. Known for its craft porcelain, blue flowers, red glazes, pastels, buckets, etc. are all top grades, once a gift from China to foreign heads of state. Dehua: During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was sold well overseas with the prosperity of the Jiaotong Port in Quanzhou. Many of the ceramics recovered from Nanhai No. 1 were produced in Dehua. Dehua White Porcelain has always been highly praised both at home and abroad. It enjoys a reputation of “Chinese White”, especially sculptural characters, and it also has fascinating artistic charm. The Ming Dynasty built white porcelain and was called “the Pearl of Oriental Art”. Liling City: Liling Ceramics has been produced for nearly 2,000 years. Far in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were large-scale workshops in Fuling, specializing in pottery making. In the seven years of the emperor Yongzheng (1729), Fuling began firing coarse porcelain. From the end of the Qing dynasty to the first year of **, Liling Porcelain entered a new period of development.

Porcelain - Derived Culture

At the 2005 Aichi World Expo in Japan, the organizers used a urn of 570,000 pieces of porcelain to create a "Shui Shui Pan." Porcelain and China have the view that China's English “China” comes from the porcelain “china” and the porcelain one is from “Changnan”, which is one of the major producing areas of ancient Chinese porcelain. But in fact, the English word for china is translated from the Chinese word China. However, this also illustrates the inseparable relationship between porcelain and Chinese traditional culture. Now English-speaking countries generally refer to pottery as "porcelain", while "china" mainly refers to fine porcelain such as "fine china" and "bone china".

After a long period of advancement, the Japanese tea ceremony that has been circulated in China has become one of the symbols of Japanese culture. Among them, porcelain is a more advanced type of tea in Japanese tea ceremony. In the history of Japanese culture, advanced tea makers often play an important role. Many Japanese famous tea sets are made of porcelain, and even the "Scorpio Tea Bowl" preserved in Japan is itself a porcelain work from the south of China. In the Azuchi-Momoyama era, senior tea sets became a symbol of wealth that was superior to land and gold under the impetus of rulers and tea artists.

Porcelain - countries found

Japan

China's porcelain and Japan's east coast are not watery, and have been frequent since ancient times. As early as the Warring States Period, the Japanese people on the archipelago had exchanges with the ancient Yan state, which is located in northeastern China and north of North Korea. (The "Shan Hai Jing·Hai Nei Jing Jing" records: "Yan is a swallow.") When Qin Mingyan was killed, some Han people fled to North Korea and went further to Japan. Later, Japan and China communicated more closely. Chinese characters, Confucianism, Chinese paintings and calligraphy, Buddhism, China's academic system, and institutional systems all have a full impact on Japan. The relationship between Zhejiang and Japan, where the original kiln porcelain originated, is also very close: the rice in Yuyao Hemudu, the Buddhism in Ningbo, the tea art in the rooftops, and the paintings in East Zhejiang all have a deep connection with Japan. Historical facts prove that the sea passage between China and Japan was opened in the second century BC. The Yue Kiln celadon was exported to Japan during the middle and late Tang Dynasty. At that time, there were many types of porcelain imported into Japan, including Tang San Cai, celadon, white porcelain, and underglazed porcelain. The kiln celadon found in Japan was mainly found in the ruins of the Hong Dai Museum, where nearly 2,500 spots were found; the number was very large; in the western coastal areas, there were altogether 50 sites of Yue Kiln Celadon; Nara’s Horyu-ji Temple preserved a high 26.4cm, 13.6cm calibre, and 10.1cm calibre; the Yue Kiln celadon four-pot pot; the Kyoto Renhe Temple unearthed a porcelain box of the Tang Dynasty; the Liming Temple, the Tang dynasty Sanzuo, etc.; the Pingchengjing Site unearthed an open-pitched, straight, narrow flat bottom. Foot bowls; the binaural pots were found in Yuchi City; also found in Fukuoka, Kumemoto City, Yamamoto, and West Valley.

Korea

China has a long history of contacts with North Korea. The legends of the "North Korea" of the nephew were recorded in the Sino-DPRK documents such as "Book of Legends", "Historical Records" and "The Three Kingdoms". Archeology also confirmed that the exchanges between China and North Korea began before the Han Dynasty. (Refer to "Relationship between Ancient Korean Art and China" in "Relics for Reference" 1950, No. 12) From the Han to the Tang Dynasty, Chinese culture had a considerable influence on North Korea. During this period, North Korea successively experienced historical periods such as Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Chinese literature, art, Chinese characters, Buddhism, architecture, and ceramic technology were introduced into North Korea. North Korea unearthed Chinese ceramics mainly after the 1930s. In the tombs of the 3rd and 4th centuries in the ancestral home of Fukun-ri, Gangwon-do, Gangwon-do, the blue-and-white celadon sheep-shaped device was discovered. The Wuning Tombs found in Gongju, the second-generation capital of Baekje, in the 523 AD and the 525-year burial were excavated from Yue kiln celadon lamps, bowl fellows, four-ear pots, and hexagonal pots. In the Silla capital Gyeongju (Gyeongju is located in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula), the Yue Kiln Porcelain Kettle was unearthed in the tombs of the ancient Silla Dynasty. In 1940, at the Kagami Palace in Kaesong, there were fragments of celadon celadon found in the early Northern Song Dynasty. Early Qing Dynasty kiln celadon plates were found under Fusu Hill in Fuyu County, Zhongqing County.

Thailand

Thailand, anciently known as Siam, is located in the central part of the Indochina peninsula and is a country composed of ethnic groups dominated by the Thai people. The Thai people belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family and have settled in the northern part of Thailand at the beginning of the year. As early as the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, China’s bronze ware was introduced into Thailand from Yunnan. ("Southeast Asia", fourth issue, 1984) The Han Dynasty began the introduction of silk and ceramics into Thailand. Archeological findings The porcelain unearthed in Thailand was mainly a Changsha kiln. In recent years, some kiln porcelain have also been unearthed, such as a large number of fragments found in Chaiya, Surat Thani State, Malay Peninsula and its vicinity. Among them, there are kiln kiln, water injection and pots.

India

India, formerly known as Scorpio, has a superior geographical location like a bright pearl embedded in the Indian Ocean. The Indus River and the Ganges River bred the ancient civilization through the territory; India, like China, is an ancient civilization that has both outstanding and ancient cultural traditions and has never been interrupted. As early as the Han Dynasty, Buddhism, literature, art, astronomy, and medicine in India were introduced along the “Silk Road.” In particular, Buddhism has had an all-round, multi-level social impact on China; at the same time, China’s papermaking , Sericulture silk, porcelain technology, etc. have also been introduced to India. Chinese porcelain has a greater influence on India. After the 20th century, the Yue Kiln celadon was unearthed in the states of Mysore and Chandavelli in India. The ancient site of Ali Mantuo on the Korood coast in India is three kilometers south of Yeliye, a port of foreign trade in southern India during Roman times. It was excavated in the United Kingdom in 1945 in the United Kingdom and successively excavated by the French government in 1947 and 1948. The Late Celadon Celadon of the Late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties. The Mysore Gang in the south also unearthed kiln blue porcelain tiles. China's porcelain was sold to India and recorded in "Zhu Fan Zhi" and "Shi Zhi Zhi Lue."

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka and India are separated by only one water, anciently known as “Ceylon”, which is an important area that distinguishes the Bay of Bengal from the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Gulf. Sri Lanka is also an important trade transfer base and land for Chinese ceramics in the Indian Ocean. The ancient Chinese also called it the "Lion State." In the era of Ashoka in India, it was the hub connecting the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ships coming from both east and west were parked here. Archeological confirmation: The ruins of the Yueyao celadon were found at the pagoda at the Didi Gamma site; the kiln celadon lion head was unearthed at the Maho City site; 9 to 10 sites were found at the ancient port site in the Mantai area of ​​Manar. Century kiln celadon.

Philippines

The Philippines (formerly known as Luzon) is an archipelago nation in the western Pacific. It faces China across the sea. The Philippines’ engagement with China was first seen in Song Zhao’s “Zhu Fanzhi”, which began in the third century AD. In the book “Overseas Chinese Society in the Philippines in the 16th Century”, Chen Jinghe mentioned that in the third century AD, Chinese people had already gone to the Philippines to mine gold. Porcelain is the historical testimony of the Sino-Philippine exchanges for seven to eight hundred years. The number of Chinese porcelain unearthed in the Philippine Islands ranks first in the Southeast Asia. According to statistics, in the Philippines for more than a decade, a total of approximately 40,000 pieces of porcelain were unearthed. Even Ms. Zhuang Liangyou, the former president of the Oriental Ceramics Association of the Philippines, said in the book “Song Yuan Dehua White Porcelain Unearthed in Philippine”: “Every province and every island in the Philippines have unearthed Chinese ancient ceramics.” - Baadani Tudan Island to North Luzon, Ilodora Coast, Banslan, Bang Banga, Central Lutse, Manila, Manila, Rizal, Neihu, Cebu and Sulu There are unearthed, these Yue kiln celadon are Tangyue kiln celadon ware, Song etched celadon enamel, pots, water etched and engraved porcelain pieces; and Song dynasty porcelain vases with embossed thin lotus flower pattern petals and embossed pattern cans .

Malaysia

Many Malaysian residents have Chinese origin. Since ancient times, Malaysia is China's maritime gateway to India. Archaeologists found pieces of Chinese Qin and Han pottery in the ancient artifacts excavated in the Johor River Valley. Historical facts show that this Shanglu Road was opened around the 1st century AD. Liu Qiandu said in the article "Malaysia's Ancient Chinese Porcelain": "Even today, even on the banks of the Johor River, there are ridiculous villages and the remains of the tabernacle. There are fragments of Chinese dishes scattered on the black soil." The kiln celadon found in Malaysia was mainly the ruins of the Sarawak estuary. The kiln was unearthed in the 9th and 10th centuries: In Pahang, in the western part of Malaysia, the celebrity statue of the Tang Dynasty was also discovered. Most of these porcelains are in the Sarawak Museum.

Indonesia

China Porcelain Indonesia is an archipelagic country, located between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and between the Asian continent and the Australian mainland. It has been an important sea transportation link since ancient times and a crossroads of cultural exchanges and integrations between various ethnic groups. The link between China and the Indonesian archipelago is long. It has already begun in prehistoric times. The ancient Indonesians traveled south from the Asian continent along two routes: one was China’s Yunnan province via Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula to the Indonesian archipelago; the other was the southeastern part of China’s Southeast Asia’s islands of Taiwan, the Philippines, Java, and Indonesia. certificate. Indonesians attach great importance to Chinese porcelain and regard it as a "precious cultural relic." In 1963, according to Sulaiman's "China Exported Porcelain Unearthed in Southeast Asia," the article said: "Indonesia has found blue and white porcelain, which is second only to celadon." There is also a large amount of celadon found in Indonesia. Archaeologically confirmed that kiln celadon has been unearthed in Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and other islands in Indonesia. Celadon wares, pots, and water-injections are among the varieties.

Pakistan

Pakistan is located in the northern part of the Arabian Sea. It is a necessary place for merchants to the West Asia region since the Tang and Song dynasties. As early as the 19th century, porcelain specimens from the Tang and Song dynasties in China were unearthed. Brahminabad, Pakistan, was the commercial center of the Indian River from the 7th to the 11th century. Song Zhenzong (1020) was destroyed by the earthquake. Unearthed Tangyue Celadon Relics bowl, there are also five generations of the Northern Song Dynasty porcelain. Gbagbo, in the southeast of Karachi, is an ancient port that declined in the 13th century. In 1958, the Archaeological Department of Pakistan discovered the 9th century water kiln and the Yue kiln engraved tiles in the early Northern Song Dynasty.

Arab

The Arab (Chinese history book called the Great Food) is located in the joint office of three continents, Europe and Asia. This superior geographical position determines its special status in the world's traffic history. Arabia is a great nation in the history of the world and believes in cults. The exchanges between China and the Arab nation started around the end of the 2nd century BC around the time of the AD. The Han Dynasty learned of the severance of the Western Regions due to Zhang Qian's envoys and convicted the land. It reached its climax by the 8th and 9th centuries. China’s silk and porcelain have always been a favorite luxury in the Arab world. On the trade route between China and the Arab world, both the camel team on the “Land Silk Road” and the “Shibo” on the “Sea Tao Road” The astute and powerful Arab businessmen are all showing the stubborn vitality of this ethnic group. Arab businessmen have made indelible contributions in the history of cultural exchanges between China and the West.

Oman

Located on the Arabian Peninsula and close to the Gulf of Oman, it is the gateway for Indian and Chinese merchant ships to enter the Persian Gulf. The Sohar of Oman is a famous port for trade between Arab merchants and Indian and Chinese businessmen. It is known as the gateway to China. In the 1980s, the ceramic kiln tiles were excavated. In addition, in the Arab Bahrain, Tang Yue kiln celadon fragments were also unearthed in the 50s and 60s.

Iran

Iran, formerly known as "Persian", is located in the hinterland of Central Asia, south of the Persian Gulf. It is an important route for ancient sea transportation between the East and the West. China and Iran are two ancient civilizations with far-flung history in the world. According to historical records: the exchanges between the two countries As early as 2,000 years ago it had begun. After Zhang Han of the Western Han Dynasty was ordered to “blaze” the West, the Han Dynasty’s envoys had reached rest (the rest is the ancient name of Iran). There are seven routes in the Tang Dynasty and foreign traffic. One of them is the "Holy Path." China’s papermaking, silk, ceramics, and compasses have had a positive impact on Iran. Iran’s religion, crops, gold, and silverware have also spread to China. The Iranian people particularly value Chinese porcelain and call Chinese porcelain "Qinni", and Iran's successive emperors ordered large quantities of Chinese porcelain. The porcelains of Yueyao unearthed in Iran mainly include: the Nesabpur site in eastern Iran; the celadon pots of the Yue kiln were unearthed; the relics in the central part of the Rei site were unearthed from the inside of the kiln; the most famous are the ancient port of Siraf. It is an important site of Chinese ceramics unearthed in recent years. From 1956 to 1966, the British Institute of Archeology in Iran excavated the Yueyao Celadon of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, the ruins of Yue Kiln porcelain were also found in sites in Canakkas, Sisha, Laxians, and Shari.

Iraq

Iraq is located in Mesopotamia, the birthplace of ancient civilization. It is home to the Babylonian Kingdom. The Tigris River and the Euphrates River flows through the hinterland. The land is fertile and life is prosperous. This land was once named Orientalist Prasita by the "fertile crescent moon zone," which in the ancient times was both the political center of the East and the economic and cultural hub. The Frenchman Beoley has been excavating here since 1910, and the Samara site 120 kilometers north of Baghdad is famous for the discovery of Chinese ceramics. Samara is located on the Low Gries River, from 836 to 892 AD. It used to be the capital and has been excavated three times. Unearthed Tangyue kiln and other celadon; expert analysis, and Zhejiang Yuyao Shanglinhu unearthed specimens exactly the same. In addition, in the Abida (has been translated as Albita) and other places have also been found in the 9th to 10th century brown porcelain, late Tang, the Five Dynasties kiln celadon.

Egypt

Egypt is a very important country on the "Ceramic Road", located in the southeastern Mediterranean, northeastern Africa and western Asia, with the Red Sea and the Mediterranean throat. The Nile River flows from south to north. The famous ancient city ruins of Festate (present-day Cairo, Egypt) are located in the fertile Nile Delta. Built in 641 AD, it was an Egyptian industrial and commercial center and flourished in the 9th century. The regular flooding of the Nile River gave birth to the long and ancient civilization of Egypt. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus said: "Egypt is a gift from the Nile." The cultural exchange between China and Africa began in the Qin and Han period in China. As early as the Shangqiu, one of the Warring States States, was undergoing an ambitious reform process, Alexander, far away in Egypt, had also established a glorious city of Alexandria. The ancient Greek geographer Strabo described this famous city in the book of the earth: "It has an excellent seaport, so it is the only trading place in Egypt, and it is also the only one in Egypt. Land trading, because all the goods are easily transported from the river, gathered in the world's largest market." Afterwards, the fate of Egypt was written into world history, whether it was culture, art, business or spirituality. Egypt imported Chinese ceramics from the 9th century onwards. Since the discovery of the site by the ancient ceramics scholars of the Japan Middle East Cultural Survey Mission in 1912, such as the Sansei Mizuno, Koyama Fuji, etc., Foster has unearthed 670,000 pieces of porcelain, including 12,000 pieces of Chinese. Ceramics span from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The Yueyao porcelains unearthed at the site of the Forrest site in Egypt are: the kiln celadon in the early 9th and 13th centuries, some engraved with patterns such as the lotus and the phoenix, and the more typical ones that belong to the Tang Dynasty flat bottom circle The bottom bowl. In the 1960s in the sites of Quseir and Ayzab, there were also unearthed celadonwares from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty. In addition to Egypt, there are excavated Yue Kiln porcelain in other parts of Africa. For example, in the 1960s, there were celadons of the late Tang and the Five Dynasties in the Islamic Republics of Egypt and Harajeb. In the mid-1950s, the late Tang and early Qing celadon were unearthed on the island of Kilwa. According to statistics, the Chinese porcelain was unearthed in the country. There are 46 sites. In the late 40's, there were 9th to 10th century celadon in Manda Island, Kenya.

Porcelain - Spread

Chinese porcelain silk and ceramics are two treasures that the Chinese people devoted to the world, which to a certain extent changed the way of life and values ​​of the peoples in use. *** The nation uses the Chinese Daqing Porcelain Plate to hold the food and then many people enjoy it in a circle. The Philippines and other peoples worship Chinese ceramics as a fetish; Africans decorate Chinese porcelain in mosques, palaces and other buildings. on. The ancient Romans regarded China’s silk as a luxury for high society and ladies, and triggered a dispute between silk and morality around the first century AD. The appearance of silk and ceramics as a material product not only serves as a useful and wearable material, but the two avenues that extend from it have completely changed the relationship between China and the world.

The Silk Road began in the Western Han Dynasty, starting from Xi’an, the capital of the time, through the Hexi Corridor, along the ancient city of Loulan, across the Alashankou, and arrived in Central Asia and Western Asia to arrive at Rest and Daqin. Of course, this is “silk”. The main path of the road is also present in the southwest and southeast of China. Therefore, the geographical features of the “Silk Road” include: deserts, grasslands, plateaus, mountains, plains, and oceans, which contain endless hardships and sourness. The “Silk Road” was born out of silk and gradually evolved into a later cultural road. Modern times named it “Asia-Europe Continental Bridge”, making it the mother and child of many cultures in the world. On this road, religion is the most successful one. Since the Han dynasty, Zhang Huan made the Western Regions and Gan Ying delivered Daqin. This 60-year history of BC is doomed to shine in Chinese history. In the following years, “The spring breeze passed the Yumen Pass”, there was also a new type of diplomatic relationship that “advised the king to drink less and drink a glass of wine, and the west had a deceased person”. This is the way for the Chinese people to know Persians, Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Japanese, Koreans, Indians and authentic Europeans...

The term "Silk Road" was proposed by the German geologist Richhofen in 1877. He went to China along this trade route seven times, and he wrote a book with three volumes of "China". The "Cultural Envoys" - Britain's Stein, France's Pelch and Sweden's Sven Heding etc. have also stepped on the footsteps of their counterparts and peeped at the mysteries of Chinese culture. For this reason, many priceless treasures have been scattered all over the world. A century ago, an ignorant Chinese Taoist priest who guarded the Buddhist temples, Wang Yuanyu, and several copper plates in the district gave him nearly half of the cultural wealth of Dunhuang. Fortunately, these cultural relics have now been properly preserved and disseminated. I think Should the present-day Chinese people take a good look at how Westerners treat culture and treat traditions, are they really indifferent to these cultural relics?可喜的是，联合国教科文组织于1988年开始实施了“丝绸之路考察”的十年规划，其主题是“丝绸之路：对话之路的综合考察”，进一步奠定了这条商路在世界文化交流史上的重要地位。

“陶瓷之路”（The China Road）发端于唐代中后期，是中世纪中外交往的海上大动脉。因瓷器的性质不同于丝绸，不宜在陆上运输，故择海路，这是第二条“亚欧大陆桥”。在这条商路上还有许多商品在传播，如茶叶、香料、金银器……。之所以命名为“陶瓷之路”，主要是因为以瓷器贸易为主的性质，也有人将这条海上商路称为“海上丝绸之路”。但有一点可以肯定的是唐代中后期，由于土耳其帝国的崛起等原因，“陆上丝绸之路”的地位开始削弱。“陶瓷之路”的起点在中国的东南沿海，沿东海、南海经印度洋、阿拉伯海到非洲的东海岸或经红海、地中海到埃及等地；或从东南沿海直通日本和朝鲜。在这条商路沿岸洒落的中国瓷片象闪闪明珠，照亮着整个东南亚、非洲大地和阿拉伯世界。唐代史**载，唐代与外国的交通有七条路，主要是两条：安西入西域道、广州通海夷道，即“陆上丝绸之路”和“海上陶瓷之路”。唐代商业的繁荣不仅从长安体现出来，在东南的扬州也更是如此，扬州时有“雄富甲天下”之美名，否则就不会有李白之“**三月下扬州”，杜牧的“十年一觉扬州梦”。如果说陆上“丝绸之路”给中国带来了宗教的虔诚，那么“陶瓷之路”则给中国带来了巨大的商业财富，同时也为殖民掠夺打开了方便之门。因此，16、17世纪以后的“陶瓷之路”，在某种意义上讲，成了殖民掠夺之路。

“陶瓷之路”是日本古陶瓷学者三上次男先生在20世纪60年代提出的，作为日本中东文化调查团的重要成员，在埃及福斯塔特（今开罗）的考古发掘，彻底启开了这位对中国陶瓷有迷恋情结的人的心扉。于是他将多年来在世界各地对中国陶瓷的考古成果，著就了《陶瓷之道》这本影响世界的陶瓷著作，其意义深远。他在日本和世界陶瓷学界赢得了广泛的赞誉，《陶瓷之路》同时也让世人再一次了解和认识了这个与中国同名的“china”。陶瓷与丝绸作为中国两大物宝，也为中国赢得了“瓷之国”与“丝之国”的美名，然而这两条路的命名都为西方学者所为，的确值得国人好好思索一番。

瓷器-收藏

中国瓷器在国外，瓷器、景德镇与中国是一个概念，可见中国的瓷器在世界上的地位。但到了近代，与国外相比，陶瓷业却落后了许多。近几年，由于景德镇的陶瓷艺人和艺术家们的努力，现代艺术瓷开始被海外收藏家关注，收藏家和陶瓷爱好者开始注意到，现代艺术瓷也是个不容忽视的新的收藏热点。分析其原因有三：

1、瓷器收藏历来是国内外收藏的重头戏，但大都局限在古代瓷器和官窑陶瓷。由于官窑陶瓷的投资太大，并不是普通收藏家可以玩得起的。而现代艺术瓷则不然，普通中等收入的人士即可涉足。

2、官窑陶瓷由于量少，买家又多，价格大都达到了一定的高度。如不是捡漏，或是罕见之品，不太可能有太大的升值，且一旦遇上赝品，损失巨大。现代瓷暂时还没有这种风险，由于是一个新的收藏热点，对收藏者来说升值的可能性更大，更具挑战性。

3、现代艺术瓷由于其艺术语言的当代和新颖，在家居之中具有很好的可视性和与环境的协调性。这也是收藏者对其青睐的一个很直接的原因。在香港、北京、广东等地的多次景德镇现代陶瓷精品拍卖和展销会的成功举办，也为现代瓷成为新的收藏热点起到推波助澜的作用。

瓷器-收藏

Precautions

收藏现代艺术瓷首先应清楚自己的收藏目的。一般来说，不外乎有三种情况：

一、收藏一般艺术作品是出于喜爱和美化家居的需要；

二、收藏名人名作，出于增值和提高收藏家身份的需要；

三、按风格、年代、作者等类别进行收藏，出于成为系统化、专业化的需要。

收藏选择

中国瓷器首先，应看作品的造型，而造型往往被陶瓷艺人和收藏家忽视。因为人们最易被色彩打动，而轻视造型本身。作为一种三维空间的艺术形式，造型的本身就能体现出一种精神。或圆润、或挺拔、或纤秀、或雄强、或文儒、或豪放。造型虽是由简单的线条组成，但提供给人们的想像力却是无穷无尽的。

继而看装饰的效果。因为是现代艺术瓷，既要看装饰是否与造型统一，更要看装饰本身是否新颖和有创造性。瓷质材料的精美决定了装饰也应是惟美的。现在有些陶瓷艺人，简单地将国画画面移入瓷器装饰，效果未必很好。除少数作品外，两维空间的国画移入三维空间并不适合瓷器装饰。好的瓷器装饰应是在任何一个角度都能给人以效果的完整性，而不是有些画面太挤，有些画面太空。

第三看色泽，青花是否纯净幽远，丰富润泽，釉里红是否红而不俗，层次多变，釉色是否亮丽莹透，无斑点瑕疵。如果以上三点都比较符合要求，至少具备了收藏的基本条件。接下来要了解作者的自身条件，是新人新作价位偏低，大胆买下。如果是名人名作还需考察作者的年作品量。同样作品的重复量（瓷器作品由于制作烧成过程的特殊性，一般惯例是允许有几件同样作品的类似），如果量少，价格自然要高，如果量多，特别是重复作品多，建议要谨慎购买。从国际收藏惯例来看，收藏中青年艺术家的作品，看似有一定的风险，实际上却是最具价值回报的一项投资。

瓷器-相关介绍

中国瓷器中也有大量曾拍出天价的瓷器，但部分国宝级瓷器并不在本国国内。如：彩鱼藻纹盖罐、鬼谷下山。

日本保存有部分瓷器名品，它们大多曾是茶道器具：曜変天目茶碗（藏于日本静嘉堂文库美术馆）、秋草文壶、不二山。

瓷器-最新资讯

“中国瓷器和青铜器展”2009年9月15日在第比利斯历史博物馆开始展出，这次展览展出的青铜器和瓷器共48件，绝大多数都是中国国宝级文物的复制品，青铜器原件制作年代大多在公元前18世纪至公元前5世纪，瓷器则多为明清时期的精品。参展器具制作精美，造型别致，充分展示了中华文明的博大精深，为格鲁吉亚人民提供了一个了解中国文化及欣赏中国艺术精品的平台。中国驻格鲁吉亚大使宫建伟表示，中格两国都有悠久的历史，深厚的文化内涵。这次展览为增进两国人民相互理解，加强两国文化交流提供了宝贵的机会。格鲁吉亚副总理、统一事务国务部长捷穆尔·雅各巴什维利及中格各界友人等近200人出席了开幕式。此次展览将持续到10月3日。